Raman spectroscopy of deuterium-labeled macromolecules: Emerging strategies in biomedical research.

When macromolecules are exposed to deuterium-rich environments, hydrogen atoms on them undergo hydrogen‑deuterium exchange, which induces a characteristic Raman spectral redshift, providing a robust signature for probing intracellular microenvironments. This review is a comprehensively survey of the diverse applications of Raman spectroscopy of deuterium-labeled macromolecules in biomedicine over recent years. We summarize its utility in bacterial resistance and metabolism investigations, and discuss applications spanning cellular to whole-animal levels.