Incidence and patterns of oral mucosal lesions among inpatient and outpatient substance users in rehabilitation and de-addiction centres in Bangalore: A cross-sectional study.

CONTEXT: Substance abuse is a growing public health challenge in India with significant oral health implications. Oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) are frequently observed among substance users due to the direct toxic effects and associated lifestyle factors. Despite this, oral screening is rarely integrated into de-addiction programmes.

AIMS: To assess the incidence and clinical patterns of oral mucosal lesions among inpatient and outpatient substance users attending rehabilitation and de-addiction centres in Bangalore.

SETTINGS AND

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months among 195 individuals with a history of substance abuse at Spandana Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre and Ummeed De-addiction and Rehabilitation Centre, Bangalore.

METHODS AND MATERIALS: A pre-validated questionnaire (demographics, addiction history, KAP scores) was personally distributed to willing participants at the rehabilitation centres. All participants were clinically examined for the presence of mucosal lesions, discolorations, ulcerations, keratotic patches, and other pathological changes.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22, with P < 0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS

The highest number of users was in the 32-40 years age group (36.4%). Alcohol (44.6%) and alcohol with smokeless tobacco (44.1%) were the most common substances used. Coated geographic glossitis was the most frequent lesion (45.1%), followed by hyperpigmentation (12.3%), oral ulcers (10.8%), and oral submucous fibrosis (9.2%). A statistically significant association (P < 0.05) was found between duration of substance use and lesion type, with potentially malignant disorders (OSMF, leucoplakia, erythroplakia) more common among long-term users (≥15 years).

CONCLUSIONS

A high burden of oral mucosal lesions many with malignant potential was noted among substance users. Regular oral screening in rehabilitation centres is strongly recommended for early detection and prevention.