Current developments in microextraction procedures for the extraction of antibiotics using deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids: A review study.

The presence of antibiotic residues in various matrices, such as food, environmental, and biological samples has been a growing concern in recent years. The extraction and analysis of antibiotics in various samples are essential due to their significant implications for human health. Liquid-liquid microextraction techniques, particularly those using ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, have attracted special attention because of their high efficiency and selectivity. They show high selectivity, effective sample cleanup and preparation, high enrichment factors, excellent extraction recovery, and low consumption of solvent and samples. In this review, we also discuss the unique physicochemical properties of these solvents that make them ideal green solvents for the separation and preconcentration of antibiotics. We comprehensively review current advancements in ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction methods, emphasizing and comparing their applications and results based on published studies.