Preparation of robust, antibacterial, and ionically conductive hydrogels via hydrogen bonding-annealing synergy for triboelectric nanogenerators.

Flexible hydrogels with high mechanical strength, ionic conductivity, and multifunctionality hold great promise for next-generation self-powered wearable electronics. Here, we present a hydrogen-bonding/annealing synergy strategy to construct multifunctional hydrogels. The resulting material exhibits outstanding performance, including a tensile strength of about 14.21 MPa, elongation at break of 975.0 %, toughness of 54.03 MJ·m-3, and pronounced antibacterial activity. When integrated into a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), the hydrogel delivered stable output with an open-circuit voltage(Voc) of approximately 207.8 V, maintaining about 91.92 % of its performance after 10,000 cycles. Beyond durability, the device further demonstrated practical potential in human motion monitoring, voice recognition, and non-contact sensing, offering a generalizable design strategy for intelligent human-machine interfaces and wearable electronics.