Biofilm and other causes of pain in catheterization.

This article looks at the anatomy of the bladder and how sensations, including pain, are transmitted to the brain. The use of urinary catheters is discussed and initially, the development of biofilm is addressed, from its cause, structure and effect, to how it can be treated. Many of the problems arising from biofilm and the resulting encrustation, can lead to pain, and the causes of this are discussed. Other problems which can cause patients to experience pain are also considered, and where there are possible solutions, these have been put forward. However, even when good practice is carried out, there will still be problems encountered, and further research is needed.