Targeting cardiac hypertrophy: toward a causal heart failure therapy.

Cardiac hypertrophy is commonly observed in conditions of increased hemodynamic or metabolic stress. This hypertrophy is not compensatory but rather reflects activation of maladaptive cellular processes that promote disease progression. Myocardial hypertrophy serves as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of cardiac remodeling, and underlying regulatory processes have provided effective therapeutic targets to slow disease progression and improve outcome. We review hypertrophic signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes and discuss established and novel targets for pharmacological intervention. New drugs in the pipeline include the third generation aldosterone antagonists (PF-03882845 and BAY94-8862) and biased angiotensin II receptor agonists. Furthermore, different approaches to stimulate cGMP-dependent protective signaling are currently evaluated in clinical trials, including the combination of the vasopeptidase neprilysin inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARNi). In an overview on cardiomyocyte hypertrophic signaling, we also highlight emerging experimental treatment concepts such as inhibition of Ca-mediated transcriptional regulation, adeno-associated viruses for sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2a), PI3 kinase gene transfer and microRNA-based therapy. We conclude that antihypertrophic therapy extends beyond blocking the classical β-adrenergic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-dependent signaling cascades, although new therapies require clinical validation regarding outcome.