Journal of oral microbiology · 2026
Effects of multiple tongue conditions on the diversity and composition of the oral microbiota.
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Hamada Masakazu, Matsuoka Yuriko, Ogaya Yuko, Kadota Tamami, Ikeda Shunya, Akitomo Tatsuya, Nomura Ryota, Nakano Kazuhiko
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the effects of multiple tongue conditions on the diversity and composition of the oral microbiota to obtain a more detailed understanding of their potential role in health and disease.
METHOD: Ninety-three subjects were classified according to tongue conditions, such as a yellow tongue coating, the presence or absence of swelling of the sublingual vein, a red tongue or red tongue tip, a fissured tongue, enlarged tongue, geographic tongue, and tooth marks. The oral microbiota was examined using α- and β-diversity metrics and taxonomic composition analyses.
RESULTS: α-Diversity was significantly lower in subjects with a fissured tongue than in those without. A β-diversity analysis revealed distinct microbial community structures between these subjects. Taxonomic profiling showed a higher abundance of Firmicutes and sulfur-metabolizing bacteria in subjects with a fissured tongue. However, these differences were not retained after age adjustment. Age-restricted sensitivity analyses identified age-independent microbial signatures associated with a fissured tongue, including a reduced abundance of Veillonella and Granulicatella in saliva samples.
CONCLUSION: Morphological abnormalities of the tongue are associated with distinct oral microbiome profiles. These features may reflect oral microbial dysbiosis and could be relevant for future studies exploring non-invasive markers of oral health.
METHOD: Ninety-three subjects were classified according to tongue conditions, such as a yellow tongue coating, the presence or absence of swelling of the sublingual vein, a red tongue or red tongue tip, a fissured tongue, enlarged tongue, geographic tongue, and tooth marks. The oral microbiota was examined using α- and β-diversity metrics and taxonomic composition analyses.
RESULTS: α-Diversity was significantly lower in subjects with a fissured tongue than in those without. A β-diversity analysis revealed distinct microbial community structures between these subjects. Taxonomic profiling showed a higher abundance of Firmicutes and sulfur-metabolizing bacteria in subjects with a fissured tongue. However, these differences were not retained after age adjustment. Age-restricted sensitivity analyses identified age-independent microbial signatures associated with a fissured tongue, including a reduced abundance of Veillonella and Granulicatella in saliva samples.
CONCLUSION: Morphological abnormalities of the tongue are associated with distinct oral microbiome profiles. These features may reflect oral microbial dysbiosis and could be relevant for future studies exploring non-invasive markers of oral health.