Navigating the Treatment Landscape of Odontogenic Sinusitis: Current Trends and Future Directions.

Background and

Objectives

Odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) is a particular type of sinus infection induced by dental infections or iatrogenic causes. Although not rare, it is often underrated and sometimes confused with other forms of chronic rhinosinusitis. The aim of this review was to summarize the main diagnostic aspects, microbiological profile, and current options in the therapeutic management of ODS. Materials and

Methods

Recent studies and consensus statements from both dental and ENT fields were reviewed. The focus was on the ODS diagnostic criteria, the types and the timing of dental and endoscopic treatment approaches, and treatment combinations inducing the best outcomes in ODS.

Results

ODS usually involves anaerobic bacteria such as Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus. Empirical antibiotics like amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate are most often used, but antibiotic therapy alone rarely cures the disease. Dental treatment is essential in ODS cases with oroantral fistulas, infected maxillary sinus bone grafts, or implants. However, in these clinical situations, concurrent one-stage dental and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) treatment seems to offer the highest success rate, close to 97%. Combined surgery significantly improved ODS treatment outcomes in terms of reduced reintervention rates and recurrence. There is still debate on how wide ESS should be in uncomplicated ODS, but many reports show that maxillary antrostomy alone can be sufficient. In apical periodontitis-related ODS, recurrence after primary ESS is uncommon in the short term.

Conclusions

ODS management needs cooperation between ENT and dental specialists. Treating the dental underlying infection remains critical to prevent oral or systemic complications. Future research should better define diagnostic criteria, antibiotic use guidelines, and the best timing for combined surgery. New studies on microbiology, immunity, and artificial intelligence could help improve diagnosis and medical care of ODS patients.