Orthostatic hypotension: therapeutic alternatives for geriatric patients.

Symptomatic orthostatic hypotension is a serious problem in the elderly because it can precipitate falls and fractures, myocardial infarctions, and strokes. Several disorders may cause symptomatic orthostatic hypotension including age-related changes in physiology, disorders of the autonomic nervous system, drugs, and a decrease in circulating blood volume. Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a fall in systolic pressure of at least 20-30 mm Hg and a fall in diastolic pressure of at least 10-15 mm Hg upon rising, with symptoms of cerebral ischemia. Management includes a search for reversible causes as well as nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies. No single agent has been universally successful in relieving the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension. Trials of single agents or combinations of agents are needed to identify the most appropriate therapy for individual patients.