Advances in acetylcholinesterase-based biosensing technologies for organophosphorus pesticide detection: A comprehensive review (2020-2024).

This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances (2020-2024) in acetylcholinesterase-based biosensing technologies for detecting organophosphorus pesticides in food and environmental matrices. The critical role of innovative functional materials in enhancing biosensor performance through improved enzyme immobilization, signal amplification, and anti-interference capabilities is highlighted. The principles of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, simplified sample pretreatment, and various immobilization strategies are discussed. Electrochemical, optical, dual-mode, and capillary electrophoresis-based biosensing modalities are compared, emphasizing their respective advantages and limitations. Despite their high sensitivity, portability, and cost-effectiveness, acetylcholinesterase-based biosensing technologies face challenges in terms of specificity, anti-interference capabilities, and reproducibility. Strategies to overcome these limitations include developing engineered enzymes, integrating microfluidic pretreatment, employing eco-friendly nanomaterials, and implementing multisignal calibration and intelligent sensing systems. These advancements support a collaborative "screening-confirmation" framework that combines rapid biosensing with confirmatory liquid chromatography/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, significantly enhancing capabilities in food safety monitoring and environmental protection.