Percutaneous Therapy in Pericardial Diseases.

Interventional procedures for pericardial diseases include pericardiocentesis, drainage of pericardial effusion, intrapericardial therapy, and percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy or percutaneous pericardiostomy. Echocardiographic and fluoroscopic guidance have greatly increased safety and feasibility. Several devices for pericardiocentesis have been tested (PerDucer, PeriAttacher, visual puncture systems, Grasper, Scissors, and Reverse slitter), mainly to facilitate access to the pericardium in the absence of effusion for epicardial ablations or left atrial appendage ligation. In selected patients with pericardial effusions that cannot be managed medically or with prolonged drainage, various medications can be applied intrapericardially to prevent further recurrences or induce sclerosis of the pericardial space.