Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, detrimental immune response, and neuroinflammation are mainly responsible for the injury and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brains of patients suffering from PD. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for treating PD due to their ability to suppress the activation of inflammatory immune cells and enhance the viability and function of dopamine-producing neurons. MSC-EVs can easily bypass the blood-brain barrier and deliver their cargo (neuroprotective factors, immunosuppressive proteins, and microRNAs) to injured dopamine-producing neurons and brain-infiltrated inflammatory immune cells. A large number of recently published experimental studies demonstrated that MSC-EVs efficiently alleviated PD-related motor and behavioral deficits in animal models, indicating that MSC-EVs should be considered as potentially new therapeutic agents for the treatment of PD. Accordingly, in this review article, we summarized current knowledge about the therapeutic potential of MSCs-EVs in the treatment of PD, paving the way for their future clinical use in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders.