Classification and early diagnostic markers of Primary hepatic carcinoma: a comprehensive review.

Primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) mainly encompasses three types. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) originates from cells associated with the intrahepatic biliary system, while combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) contains components of both tumors. Current noninvasive biomarkers for early clinical diagnosis of PHC have varying advantages and limitations. Several potential biomarkers are in preclinical research, showing promise for early diagnosis and prognosis, but they require further validation and overcoming technical challenges. This review systematically summarizes the various classifications of PHC, their early diagnostic markers, and recent research on potential tumor markers, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for early diagnosis.