A comparative study of salivary biomarkers for periodontal disease among smokers and non-smokers.

There is a need to understand how smoking alters salivary biomarkers and periodontal disease severity. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate salivary biomarkers in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Hence, a cross-sectional design included 100 subjects, with clinical parameters and salivary biomarkers analyzed using ELISA and SPSS. Smokers showed significantly higher periodontal parameters and elevated inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, with reduced antioxidant levels. Thus, we show salivary biomarkers as reliable non-invasive indicators for monitoring periodontal disease, especially in smokers. Salivary biomarkers can serve as effective, non-invasive tools for diagnosis and disease monitoring, particularly in smokers.