Endocrine angiography and venous sampling.

Localization procedures are performed only after the diagnosis of endocrine disease is established. Arteriography and venous sampling may be essential to locate a small hyperfunctioning endocrine tumor or to assist in distinguishing between disease caused by a solitary tumor and disease caused by diffuse hyperplasia. These procedures require a detailed knowledge of vascular anatomy and must be performed meticulously to avoid incorrect results. Close cooperation between the radiologist and the endocrinologist is essential for optimal results. These procedures are complex and are rarely performed outside of the few centers where endocrine problems are frequently evaluated. In many cases, the patient may be best served by referral to an institution where these radiologic studies are routine.