Gene Therapies in Atrial Fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, yet current therapies-including drugs and catheter ablation-remain suboptimal. Gene therapy offers a promising way to modulate AF's molecular drivers. This review summarizes recent preclinical studies using viral and non-viral vectors, atrial-specific delivery strategies, and key targets such as ion channels, fibrosis, and oxidative stress. Despite promising results, no AF gene therapy has FDA approval, due to challenges in atrial targeting, immune control, and durable expression. Closing this translational gap is critical for future AF gene therapy.