Cardioprotective effect of adrenomedullin in heart failure.

Many neurohumoral factors participate in the pathophysiology of heart failure, and adrenomedullin (AM) may be involved in their derangement. This work reviews the accumulating evidence in support of a compensatory role of AM in heart failure, and describes the possible mechanisms of this role. It has been established that plasma AM levels are increased in patients with heart failure in proportion to the severity of the disease. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that plasma AM level is an independent prognostic indicator of heart failure. Thus, AM may be not only a biochemical marker for evaluating the severity of heart failure, but also a prognostic indicator of this syndrome. In patients with heart failure, AM production is increased not only in the plasma, but also in the heart. AM secretion from the failing human heart is also increased, but this increase is small and responds slowly to the stimulus. This phenomenon may be explained by the fact that AM is secreted via a constitutive pathway and that AM is an autocrine and/or a paracrine factor in the heart. An experiment using cultured myocytes suggested that cytokines and mechanical stress are important stimuli for AM production in the heart. Regarding the action of AM in the heart, recent studies have suggested that AM exerts an inotropic action both in vitro and in vivo. AM also attenuates cardiac hypertrophy in myocytes and inhibits proliferation and collagen production in cardiac fibroblasts. These results suggest that AM may be an antifibrotic, antihypertrophic, and positive inotropic factor in the failing and hypertrophied heart. Because AM has many cardiorenal actions, AM administration may be useful for the treatment of heart failure. Indeed, acute administration of AM has been shown to improve the hemodynamics, renal function, and hormonal parameters in patients with heart failure. Moreover, recent studies have shown that AM gene therapy or long-term AM infusion significantly improved cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and prolonged the survival time in an animal model of hypertension and heart failure. In conclusion, these findings suggest that AM plays a compensatory role in the pathophysiology of heart failure and that administration of AM may be a new and promising approach for the treatment of patients with this syndrome.