Mitral Valve-in-Valve/Ring and Other Percutaneous Treatments of Surgical Failures.

Re-do mitral valve surgery is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years a variety of percutaneous repair techniques of surgical failures have emerged as safe and effective treatment options for several post-surgical problems including bioprosthetic mitral valve failure, prosthetic regurgitation or stenosis following annuloplasty, and periprosthetic regurgitation. This review will cover the indications, techniques and outcomes of these novel percutaneous therapies.