Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Parkinson's Disease.

Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation can synergistically accelerate dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-sEVs) inhibit Nox4/ROS production by delivering specific miRNAs, regulate the EGR1/NOX4/p38MAPK axis to exert antioxidant effects, and can enhance antioxidant capacity by activating the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Additionally, at the same time, neuroinflammation can be alleviated by inhibiting the Sp1 signal and regulating pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory factors. MSC-sEVs can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, improve movement disorders, and relieve neuronal damage in PD models, providing a new anti-inflammatory and antioxidant strategy for PD treatment.