Grhl2 regulation of SPINT1 expression controls salivary gland development.

Development of the salivary gland is characterized by extensive branching morphogenesis and lumen formation, the latter of which is closely associated with differentiation into acinar and ductal cells. Although various molecules, including signaling and cell adhesion molecules, have been implicated in salivary gland development, transcription factors (TFs) regulating the expression of those molecules and morphological development of the gland are largely unknown. Here we show that knockdown of the epithelial TF, Grainyhead-like 2 (Grhl2), with siRNA in developing mouse submandibular salivary gland (SMG) cultured ex vivo resulted in retardation of epithelial development. This retardation was concomitant with suppression of gene expression for the cell adhesion molecules, such as E-cadherin and the extracellular protease inhibitor SPINT1, and with the disorganized deposition of the basal lamina protein laminin. ChIP-PCR demonstrated the binding of Grhl2 protein to the Spint1 gene in the SMG. Notably, addition of recombinant SPINT1 protein in cultured SMG overcame the suppressive effects of Grhl2 siRNA on epithelial development and laminin deposition. These findings show that Grhl2 regulation of SPINT1 expression controls salivary gland development.