Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026
Capturing inflammatory reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in plasma and saliva among adolescents.
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Antici Elizabeth E, Pressman Sarah D, Odgers Candice L, Kuhlman Kate R
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The immune response to acute psychosocial stress involves coordinated activity across multiple biological compartments, including barrier tissues that serve as the immune system's first line of defense. While blood-based markers of the inflammatory stress response are well-characterized, less is known about how barrier tissue defenses like those in the oral cavity respond to acute psychosocial stress among adolescents. Understanding the salivary immune response to acute psychosocial stress may provide insight into stress-related disease processes and early signs of immune dysregulation among adolescents.
METHOD: Adolescents (N = 94, Mage = 13.87, SDage = 1.55, 43.62% female) completed the Trier Social Stress Test for Children. Saliva was collected immediately before and 20-, 30-, 45-, 60-, and 90-minutes post-stress initiation; blood was collected immediately before and 60- and 90-minutes post-stress initiation. Inflammatory biomarkers measured included C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α.
RESULTS: Salivary CRP, IL-10, and TNF-α increased significantly following stress. Participants with higher plasma CRP also displayed higher salivary CRP, b = 1.04 (SE = 0.07), p < 0.001 95%CI[0.90, 1.18], and participants with higher plasma TNF-α concentrations showed larger stress-induced increases in salivary TNF-α, b = 0.01 (SE = 0.003), p = 0.01 95%CI[0.002, 0.02]. Plasma markers accounted for 39.85%-51.70% of the variability in their corresponding salivary markers; within-person plasma markers explained 0-6.00% of the within-person variability in salivary markers, and between-person plasma markers explained between 3.23% (IL-6) and 83.54% (CRP) of the between-person variability in salivary markers.
CONCLUSIONS: Salivary CRP, IL-10, and TNF-α each mounted responses to acute psychosocial stress while in plasma, only IL-6 responded in the current sample. Despite limited concordance between salivary and plasma markers, the more pronounced stress response of salivary CRP, IL-10, and TNF-α suggests they may be better suited for capturing local inflammatory responses to stress than their counterparts in blood. These findings highlight saliva's utility as a potentially cost-effective, inclusive biomarker and an early marker of immune dysregulation among adolescents.
METHOD: Adolescents (N = 94, Mage = 13.87, SDage = 1.55, 43.62% female) completed the Trier Social Stress Test for Children. Saliva was collected immediately before and 20-, 30-, 45-, 60-, and 90-minutes post-stress initiation; blood was collected immediately before and 60- and 90-minutes post-stress initiation. Inflammatory biomarkers measured included C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α.
RESULTS: Salivary CRP, IL-10, and TNF-α increased significantly following stress. Participants with higher plasma CRP also displayed higher salivary CRP, b = 1.04 (SE = 0.07), p < 0.001 95%CI[0.90, 1.18], and participants with higher plasma TNF-α concentrations showed larger stress-induced increases in salivary TNF-α, b = 0.01 (SE = 0.003), p = 0.01 95%CI[0.002, 0.02]. Plasma markers accounted for 39.85%-51.70% of the variability in their corresponding salivary markers; within-person plasma markers explained 0-6.00% of the within-person variability in salivary markers, and between-person plasma markers explained between 3.23% (IL-6) and 83.54% (CRP) of the between-person variability in salivary markers.
CONCLUSIONS: Salivary CRP, IL-10, and TNF-α each mounted responses to acute psychosocial stress while in plasma, only IL-6 responded in the current sample. Despite limited concordance between salivary and plasma markers, the more pronounced stress response of salivary CRP, IL-10, and TNF-α suggests they may be better suited for capturing local inflammatory responses to stress than their counterparts in blood. These findings highlight saliva's utility as a potentially cost-effective, inclusive biomarker and an early marker of immune dysregulation among adolescents.