IIH, SIH and headache: Diagnosis and treatment update.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) are two major secondary headache disorders resulting from abnormal intracranial pressure (ICP). This short communication outlines the pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies for IIH and SIH. IIH predominantly affects obese women of childbearing age and presents with daily headaches, visual disturbances, and papilledema. It is characterized by elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, with diagnosis supported by imaging and lumbar puncture. Treatment includes weight reduction, medications, and surgical interventions in refractory cases. SIH, conversely, is caused by spontaneous spinal CSF leaks and presents with acute orthostatic headaches. Diagnosis is supported by neuroimaging and lumbar puncture, revealing low CSF pressure. Treatment includes supported care, (targeted) epidural blood patch, with surgical repair considered in refractory cases. Advances in imaging and treatment have significantly improved outcomes for both conditions.