Eating Disorder Diagnostic Crossover: A Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE

Diagnostic crossover among eating disorders (EDs) is clinically important, yet rates are inconsistently quantified. This meta-analysis aims to quantify the frequency and direction of diagnostic crossover among EDs (both within-syndrome and between-syndrome), to evaluate study-level moderators of crossover rates, and to conduct a formal appraisal of the quality of the included studies.

METHOD: A literature search was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, including all relevant articles on PsycINFO, Pubmed/Medline, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global databases from inception to June 10, 2026. Twenty-seven studies (24 samples; 287 effect sizes) were synthesized using random-effects models. Mixed-effects models tested diagnostic criteria, follow-up duration, treatment setting, diagnostic method, and demographics as moderators.

RESULTS

Between-syndrome crossovers (e.g., bulimia nervosa [BN] to anorexia nervosa [AN]) were rare, ranging from 0% (e.g., AN to binge eating disorder [BED]) to 13% (e.g., BED to BN), whereas within-syndrome shifts such as AN subtype shifts (23% from restrictive to binge-purging type) and transitions into other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED)/eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) were more common (17% to 25% across syndromes). Diagnostic criteria and method were significant moderators.

DISCUSSION: Diagnostic instability reflects within-AN shifts and OSFED/EDNOS transitions more than between-syndrome crossovers, underscoring the value of repeated specialist, interview-based reassessment.