Electrochemical biosensors for inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic and increasingly prevalent condition characterized by gastrointestinal inflammation and a substantial clinical burden. While conventional diagnostic modalities such as endoscopy and histopathology remain essential, their invasiveness and limited suitability for continuous monitoring underscore the need for innovative, patient-friendly approaches. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as transformative tools for noninvasive and minimally invasive IBD detection, offering rapid, sensitive, and matrix-flexible analysis of key biomarkers in blood, sweat, stool, and urine. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in electrochemical biosensor technology for the noninvasive detection of IBD. It explores cutting-edge developments in biorecognition elements, transducer configurations, signal amplification techniques, and detection modalities. These innovations collectively demonstrate the transformative potential of electrochemical biosensors to reshape IBD diagnostics, enabling personalized, real-time monitoring and paving the way for more accessible, patient-centered disease management.