Visceral leishmaniasis after orthotopic liver transplantation: impact of persistent splenomegaly.

Visceral leishmaniasis was observed in a 50-year-old female liver transplant recipient 1 year following transplantation. Signs of active infection were low-grade fever, pancytopenia, persistent splenomegaly, positive cultures for leishmania in liver and bone marrow biopsy specimens, and newly positive leishmania serology. Following sequential therapy with pentavalent antimony and amphotericin B, blood values improved massively, bone marrow cultures became negative, and leishmania serology decreased. Secondary prophylaxis with fluconazole was instituted and the patient remains without signs of active infection 1 year after successful therapy.