Facial Pain.

There are various cranial nerve lesions that cause complex presentations of headache and facial pain, including trigeminal neuralgia, occipital neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, and other rarer syndromes. Each present with their distinct patterns and diagnosis is reliant on a thorough history and physical examination. Diagnostic workup often involves neuroimaging modalities to rule out more common diseases. Treatment is aimed at symptomatic management, with conservative and pharmacologic therapies (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and anticonvulsants) as primary treatment. Advanced procedures and surgical intervention are typically reserved for refractory cases.