From the inside out: understanding the gut-heart connection.

The gut microbiome was first termed as 'Animalcules' by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century. The diverse composition and complex interactions of gut microbes are essential for good human health. They play a crucial role in inflammation, which by itself leads to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, it has been studied that the gut microbiota produce several bioactive metabolites impacting cardiovascular health mainly through TMAO pathway, SCFA pathway and bile acid pathway. Moreover, studies have found that using dietary interventions like high fiber diet and probiotics to re-establish a healthy equilibrium show promising results on improving cardiovascular health and thus, could be potentially used for prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.