Advancing Microplastic and Nanoplastic Toxicity Assessment: Insights from Human Organoid Models.

Evidence has demonstrated that microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) exerted toxic effects on animal models; our understanding of their potential toxicity to human health remains limited due to the lack of human-relevant in vitro models. Human stem cell-derived organoids are sophisticated and multicellular structures that could effectively mimic the key features of native organs and tissues. To date, human organoids have been widely used in toxicology. This study reviews the current application of human organoids in the toxicity assessment of MPs and NPs. Current limitations and future perspectives are discussed. Cutting-edge technologies combined with organoids are expected to provide new insights for illustrating the potential toxicity of MPs and NPs.