Emerging roles of non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a lifelong autoimmune disorder that is increasingly prevalent in populations worldwide. As well as affecting adults, T1D is one of the most prevalent chronic childhood disorders. Several lines of evidence point to dysregulation of both cellular and humoral immune responses in this disorder. Several genetic loci have been associated with risk of T1D, implying the presence of a complex multifactorial pattern of inheritance for this disorder. Moreover, recent studies have reported dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in animal models of T1D or clinical samples. Several immune-related molecules and pathways such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/FOXO, JAK, MAPK, mTOR and STAT pathways are regulated by non-coding RNAs in the context of T1D. Improved understanding of the role of lncRNAs and miRNAs in the pathogenesis of T1D would facilitate design of preventive therapeutic modalities. In the current review, we summarize the results of animal and human studies that report dysregulation of these transcripts and their function in T1D.