[Research progress and prospects on the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and auditory intervention of congenital external and middle ear malformations].

Congenital external and middle ear malformations (CEMEMs) represent a key etiology of conductive hearing loss, arising from dysplastic development of the first and second pharyngeal arches during embryogenesis. These malformations may occur in isolation or as a localized manifestation of a syndrome. This review synthesizes recent evidence-based medical findings to elaborate on advances in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms, clinical characteristics, and auditory intervention strategies for CEMEMs, thereby offering a reference framework for clinical diagnosis and management.