Chain-of-verification prompting for NIH stroke scale extraction using small and frontier large language models.

BACKGROUND

The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is critical to acute stroke care but is often documented in unstructured notes. Large language models (LLMs) can enable automated extraction, though smaller models often underperform relative to frontier systems. Chain-of-Verification (CoVe) prompting introduces a structured self-verification step that may improve performance.

METHODS

We evaluated eight LLMs on 312 discharge summaries. Small models included LLaMA 3.2 3B, Ministral 3B, Gemma 3 4B, and Qwen 3 4B. Frontier models included GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Claude Opus 4.5, and Grok 4. Each model was tested under a baseline and CoVe prompt. Outcomes were subscore exact-match accuracy, subscore mean absolute error (MAE), total score exact-match accuracy, and total score MAE.

RESULTS

At baseline, small models achieved 53.2 ± 10.0% subscore accuracy and subscore MAE 0.84 ± 0.22, compared with 88.5 ± 10.1% and 0.15 ± 0.16 in frontier models (both p < 0.001). Total exact accuracy was low in both groups (7.7 ± 12.9% vs 35.9 ± 32.4%). CoVe significantly improved small-model performance (subscore accuracy 65.0 ± 10.9%; subscore MAE 0.55 ± 0.21; total MAE 4.84 ± 2.30 vs 7.19 ± 3.54 at baseline; all p < 0.001), although total exact accuracy remained modest (9.6 ± 15.7%). Frontier models showed no significant group-level change with CoVe.

CONCLUSION

CoVe prompting substantially improves NIHSS extraction in small LLMs while producing negligible effects in frontier models. Although smaller model performance remains insufficient for standalone clinical deployment, CoVe prompting offers a promising avenue for further exploration.