Organoid-based models in cerebrovascular disorders: Mechanistic insights and precision medicine.

Cerebrovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide, including ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, intracranial aneurysms, and cerebrovascular malformations, imposing a heavy burden on society and families. Organoid technology, as a major breakthrough in the field of biomedicine, provides a new platform for the study of cerebrovascular diseases. By constructing organoid-based models of cerebrovascular diseases, researchers can simulate their pathogenesis in vitro and deeply explore key links such as angiogenesis and neurovascular unit interactions, providing a new platform for the early diagnosis of the diseases, the discovery of treatment targets, and drug development. This review summarizes the current progress of organoid technology in cerebrovascular disease research, focusing on model establishment and mechanistic investigations of disorders such as cerebral cavernous malformations, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. Furthermore, we discuss the potential applications and current limitations of organoid platforms in disease modeling, drug screening, and future translational research. Although organoid technology holds promise for advancing precision medicine, further optimization, validation, and integration with clinical studies are required before broader clinical applications can be realized.