Advanced Nanotechnology-Driven Innovations for Corneal Neovascularization Therapy: Smart Drug Delivery and Enhanced Treatment Strategies.

Corneal neovascularization (CoNV) is a major global contributor to visual impairment, significantly affecting patients' vision and overall quality of life. Traditional treatment modalities often prove inadequate, constrained by limited bioavailability, and their extended use may result in serious complications, including secondary infections, glaucoma, and cataracts. However, recent progress in nanomaterials has led to promising therapeutic approaches for CoNV therapy. These nanomaterials, serving as carriers for anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs or corticosteroids, exhibit remarkable capabilities in efficient penetration, adhesion, targeted drug delivery, and controlled release. Furthermore, they demonstrate independent inhibitory effects on neovascularization, thereby paving the way for a comprehensive treatment strategy that encompasses both the microenvironment and molecular pathways. This review offers a systematic classification of innovative drug delivery systems specifically tailored for the cornea. It provides an overview of effective strategies and compiles the latest advancements in cutting-edge nanotherapy technologies for CoNV. By delving into the intricacies of ocular barriers and neovascularization mechanisms, this review elucidates crucial biological factors and regulatory pathways, highlights the prevalent challenges in ophthalmic medicine, and underscores the significant potential of nanomaterials in revolutionizing CoNV treatment. This in-depth analysis establishes a scientific foundation for precision medicine and clinical transformation in the field of CoNV.