Deciphering chromatin architecture and dynamics in Plasmodium falciparum using the nucDetective pipeline.

High-resolution analysis of cellular chromatin structure is crucial for uncovering developmental and cell-type-specific regulatory networks. We developed the nucDetective pipeline to provide a comprehensive evaluation of chromatin organisation. This involves assessing nucleosome positioning, occupancy, fuzziness, and array regularity. The pipeline was benchmarked by analysing the chromatin structure of the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) during its erythrocytic development cycle. Pf is characterised by a unique chromatin landscape, exhibiting unstable nucleosomes and a genomic AT-content exceeding 80%, which presents challenges for standard MNase-seq analysis of chromatin. The nucDetective pipeline provides specific, high-resolution nucleosome profiles for the different asexual stages of Pf, monitoring the dynamics of individual nucleosomes. Contrary to the current view of irregular chromatin, we demonstrate for the first time regular phased nucleosome arrays downstream of TSSs, which, together with the established +1 nucleosome and upstream nucleosome-depleted region, reveal a complete canonical eukaryotic promoter architecture in Pf. The global mean nucleosome repeat length varies from 176 bp to 185 bp depending on the developmental stage. Stage specific changes in nucleosome positioning occur locally in intergenic regulatory regions, which are characterized by specific histone modifications and variants. Dynamic nucleosomes correlate with DNA accessibility, gene expression and determine the access to transcription factor binding sites in Pf. The highly regular chromatin structure, with stage-specific structural alterations, emphasises the important role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating the complex life cycles of Pf.