Pituitary hormone abnormalities following military-related traumatic brain injuries.

Pituitary hormone abnormalities are not uncommon among individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly among the military population which has a higher prevalence of lifetime TBI due to the risks associated with a military career. The diagnosis and treatment of these hormone abnormalities (also known as post-traumatic hypopituitarism or PTHP) is further complicated by numerous comorbidities (discussed below) endemic among individuals with a history of military service whose symptoms are similar to those of PTHP. This updated review discusses the unique pathophysiology of military-related TBI due to high frequency of blast TBI and multiple lifetime TBI, comorbidities within military and Veteran populations, and how these factors influence and are influenced by PTHP, including updated findings on military TBI incidence and PTHP prevalence. 0000-0002-9844-0375.