Is ChatGPT an Effective Tool for Providing Dietary Advice?

The chatbot Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) is becoming increasingly popular among patients for searching health-related information. Prior studies have raised concerns regarding accuracy in offering nutritional advice. We investigated in November 2023 ChatGPT's potential as a tool for providing nutritional guidance in relation to different non-communicable diseases (NCDs). First, the dietary advice given by ChatGPT (version 3.5) for various NCDs was compared with guidelines; then, the chatbot's capacity to manage a complex case with several diseases was investigated. A panel of nutrition experts assessed ChatGPT's responses. Overall, ChatGPT offered clear advice, with appropriateness of responses ranging from 55.5% (sarcopenia) to 73.3% (NAFLD). Only two recommendations (one for obesity, one for non-alcoholic-fatty-liver disease) contradicted guidelines. A single suggestion for T2DM was found to be "unsupported", while many recommendations for various NCDs were deemed to be "not fully matched" to the guidelines despite not directly contradicting them. However, when the chatbot handled overlapping conditions, limitations emerged, resulting in some contradictory or inappropriate advice. In conclusion, although ChatGPT exhibited a reasonable accuracy in providing general dietary advice for NCDs, its efficacy decreased in complex situations necessitating customized strategies; therefore, the chatbot is currently unable to replace a healthcare professional's consultation.