Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in Free-Ranging Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and Axis Deer (Axis axis) in Uruguay.

Apicomplexans are endoparasites that infect various animals, including humans, causing significant diseases such as malaria, babesiosis, cryptosporidiosis, neosporosis, and toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is a notable public health concern due to its severe effects on pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Infection routes include ingestion of oocysts from definitive hosts (felines) or consumption of contaminated meat. Neosporosis, caused by Neospora caninum, causes reproductive issues and significant economic losses in domestic cattle (Bos taurus). Wildlife plays a crucial role in the life cycles of these parasites, with species such as wild boar (Sus scrofa) and axis deer (Axis axis) acting as reservoirs. These ungulate species can affect livestock production systems and public health, particularly in regions like Latin America where they are invasive. Understanding the seroprevalence and transmission dynamics of these parasites in wildlife is vital for developing effective control measures. During 2020-23, 254 wild boar and 90 axis deer blood samples were collected from eight and five departments in Uruguay, respectively. Serologic tests for T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies were conducted using ELISA, with further confirmation of N. caninum antibodies through western blotting. Seroprevalence values of T. gondii were mean 47.7% in wild boars and mean 8.4% in axis deer; whereas N. caninum was more prevalent in axis deer (mean 49.8%) than in wild boars (mean 0.7%). Detection of antibodies against both pathogens in a single individual occurred occasionally. These findings suggest that wild boar and axis deer may play significant roles in maintaining and amplifying T. gondii or N. caninum (or both) infections in Uruguay, and underscore the need for targeted control strategies to mitigate the spread of these pathogens, which have implications for both livestock health and public health.