Periodontal Disease Diagnosis by a Chemically Etched Single-Mode Fiber-Optic Biosensor for Label-Free Detection of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8).

A miniature label-free biosensor based on a chemically etched single-mode optical fiber (SMF) is reported for the detection of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), a salivary biomarker of active periodontitis with a clinical decision threshold of 20 ng/mL. Fibers etched in 48% hydrofluoric acid to a waist diameter of 16.0 ± 1.4 µm gave a mean refractive index (RI) sensitivity of 376.8%/RIU and an RI limit of detection (LOD) of 5.9 × 10-4 RIU. Fibers were tested with MMP-8 spiked into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and into saliva over 0-200 ng/mL using a post-rinse protocol with per-fiber matrix subtraction. Dose-responses followed a Langmuir isotherm (Kd = 7.1 ng/mL in PBS, 12.7 ng/mL in saliva), with cohort LODs of 0.043 and 0.52 ng/mL, both well below the threshold. MMP-9 (100 ng/mL) and human serum albumin (1 mg/mL) gave negligible responses (≤2.7%, versus 68.2% for MMP-8 at 100 ng/mL); antibody immobilization was confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence. A commercial sandwich ELISA on the same spike series gave a matched-matrix LOD of 41.1 ng/mL, nearly two orders of magnitude higher. This performance requires no metal coating, nanostructuring, label, or signal amplification, only a single wet-etching step on stock telecommunications fiber.