Beyond Dopamine: Novel Therapeutic Pathways for Parkinson's Disease Through Receptor Signaling.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological condition characterized by both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic brain cell loss. Patients with Parkinson's disease have tremors as a result of both motor and non-motor symptoms developing. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (idiopathic PD) prevalence is increasing in people over 60. The medication L-dopa, which is now on the market, merely relieves symptoms and has several negative effects. In this article, we highlight the therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1, adenosine A2A, and cannabinoid receptors as attractive targets for enhancing neuroprotection and reducing a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. Recent research has widened knowledge of new therapeutic targets and detailed cellular mechanisms, providing invaluable insights into the essential roles of cannabinoid receptors, adenosine A2A receptors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors in PD pathogenesis and unique opportunities for drug development for mankind globally.