Anemia management in patients with chronic conditions that affect erythropoiesis. Case study of the anemic patients.

Anemia management programs typically strive to maintain hemoglobin (Hb) levels in the target range of 11 to 12 g/dL recommended by the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI). Although nephrology clinicians are constantly alert for conditions that cause hyporesponse to Epoetin alfa therapy, management protocols generally focus on assessing and managing acute disorders that affect the production of red blood cells. A more difficult clinical challenge is how to systematically manage patients with conditions that chronically affect the erythropoietic response and are intractable to routine therapies. This article addresses the etiology and management of chronic conditions that require a specialized anemia management approach to ensure that patients can achieve targeted Hb levels and associated clinical and quality of life benefits. Examples include chronic inflammatory disorders, severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, malignancies, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and kidney transplant failure.