Research progress on polysaccharide derived intelligent hydrogels: classifications, properties, and applications in diagnosing and monitoring diabetes mellitus.

The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications is continuously increasing, which imposes a heavy burden on patients and healthcare systems. However, traditional DM diagnosis and monitoring methods are inconvenient to operate and it is difficult to achieve continuous real-time monitoring, which makes them unable to meet the requirements of modern precision medicine. Hence, the development of efficient and convenient intelligent diagnosis and monitoring technologies is of vital importance for breaking through the current bottlenecks in DM management and improving patient prognosis. Polysaccharide derivative intelligent hydrogels (PDIHs) have shown great potential in the field of DM monitoring due to their excellent biocompatibility, intelligent responsiveness, and tunable functional properties. A thorough exploration of the research progress of PDIHs in the field of diabetes management is beneficial for promoting the development and clinical application of intelligent and personalized diabetes management devices. PDIHs with different types and properties play diverse roles in the diagnosis and monitoring of DM. Hence, this paper systematically reviews stimulus-responsive types (pH, light, temperature, magnetic field, etc.) of PDIHs. Moreover, this review comprehensively analyzes the key properties (mechanical, self-healing, adhesive, anti-swelling, and biocompatibility properties) of PDIHs. Furthermore, this article specifically introduces the latest advancements of PDIHs in continuous glucose monitoring and management of DM complications.