Modality effects in verbal working memory updating: Transcranial direct current stimulation over human inferior frontal gyrus and posterior parietal cortex.

Verbal working memory (VWM) involves visual and auditory verbal information. Neuroimaging studies have shown significant modality effects for VWM in the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC). The left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is more sensitive to auditory and phonological information. However, much less is known about the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left PPC and IFG on different sensory modalities of VWM (auditory vs. visual). Therefore, the present study aimed to examine whether tDCS over the left PPC and IFG affects visual and auditory VWM updating performance using a single-blind design. Fifty-one healthy participants were randomly assigned to three tDCS groups (left PPC/left IFG/sham) and were asked to complete both the visual and auditory letter 3-back tasks. Results showed that stimulating the left PPC enhanced the response efficiency of visual, but not auditory, VWM compared with the sham condition. Anodal stimulation to the left IFG improved the response efficiency of both tasks. The present study revealed a modality effect of VWM in the left PPC, while the left IFG had a causal role in VWM updating of different sensory modalities.