The Efficacy of Electronic Health Record-Based Artificial Intelligence Models for Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND

The persistently low 5-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer (PC) underscores the critical need for early detection. However, population-wide screening remains impractical. Artificial Intelligence (AI) models using electronic health record (EHR) data offer a promising avenue for pre-symptomatic risk stratification.

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review and meta-analyze the performance of AI models for PC prediction based exclusively on structured EHR data.

METHODS

We systematically searched PubMed, MedRxiv, BioRxiv, and Google Scholar (2010-2025). Inclusion criteria encompassed studies using EHR-derived data (excluding imaging/genomics), applying AI for PC prediction, reporting AUC, and including a non-cancer cohort. Two reviewers independently extracted data. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed for AUC, sensitivity (Se), and specificity (Sp) using R software version 4.5.1. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics and publication bias was evaluated.

RESULTS

Of 946 screened records, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled AUC across all models was 0.785 (95% CI: 0.759-0.810), indicating good overall discriminatory ability. Neural Network (NN) models demonstrated a statistically significantly higher pooled AUC (0.826) compared to Logistic Regression (LogReg, 0.799), Random Forests (RF, 0.762), and XGBoost (XGB, 0.779) (all p < 0.001). In analyses with sufficient data, models like Light Gradient Boosting (LGB) showed superior Se and Sp (99% and 98.7%, respectively) compared to NNs and LogReg, though based on limited studies. Meta-analysis of Se and Sp revealed extreme heterogeneity (I2 ≥ 99.9%), and the positive predictive values (PPVs) reported across studies were consistently low (often < 1%), reflecting the challenge of screening a low-prevalence disease.

CONCLUSIONS

AI models using EHR data show significant promise for early PC detection, with NNs achieving the highest pooled AUC. However, high heterogeneity and typically low PPV highlight the need for standardized methodologies and a targeted risk-stratification approach rather than general population screening. Future prospective validation and integration into clinical decision-support systems are essential.