Magnesium as an endocrine modulator: physiological roles, clinical evidence, and therapeutic perspectives.

CONTEXT: Magnesium deficiency is prevalent and increasingly recognized as an endocrine-relevant condition due to its involvement in hormone secretion, metabolic homeostasis, and cellular signaling.

OBJECTIVE

To review current evidence on the role of magnesium in key endocrine systems and evaluate its clinical and therapeutic implications.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Magnesium influences glucose metabolism, bone health, thyroid function, reproduction, cardiometabolic regulation, and HPA axis activity. Clinical evidence shows strong associations between magnesium status and several endocrine diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

Magnesium plays a multifaceted endocrine role with clinically significant implications. Improved diagnostic approaches and further interventional studies are warranted.