Evaluation of trace element in the hair and nail samples of conventional and organic farmers in pesticide-treated highland villages.

This study investigates trace element exposure among conventional and organic farmers in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, a region known for intensive pesticide use. Despite differences in agricultural practices, both groups may be exposed to environmental contaminants. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) NexION® 350S was used to analyze essential elements (sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc) and toxic elements (chromium, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead). A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 62 farmers (47 conventional, 15 organic). Data collection involved structured interviews and biological sampling (hair and nails). Findings revealed significant differences in trace element concentrations based on farming practices. Chromium (Cr) levels were significantly higher in conventional farmers, suggesting exposure to synthetic agrochemicals. Mercury (Hg) levels were also elevated, indicating cumulative pesticide and soil contamination exposure. Organic farmers exhibited slightly higher concentrations of essential elements such as iron and sodium, possibly due to variations in soil management and fertilizer use. Correlation analysis revealed potential synergistic and antagonistic interactions among trace elements, with implications for cumulative toxicity and occupational health risks. Despite different agricultural approaches, both groups remain at risk of environmental exposure due to long-term pesticide application in the region. This study underscores the need for sustainable agricultural practices to reduce trace element exposure and protect farmers' health in pesticide-intensive highland villages.