The Relationship Between Orthodontic Abnormalities and Spinal Deformities: A Review of Literature.

Spinal deformities comprise abnormal curvatures of the spine which impact posture, musculoskeletal balance, as well as biomechanical function. Malocclusion, the improper contact between occlusal surfaces of opposing teeth, affects the occlusal relationship and functionality of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). While both conditions have been extensively studied independently, their interconnection remains a subject of debate. The aim of this work is to comprehensively review the current literature concerning spinal curvature abnormalities and stomatognathic alterations, concomitantly investigating the relationship between these disorders. Research findings highlighted how changes in the TMJ biomechanics may modify occlusion patterns affecting head posture and, consequentially, spinal alignment. Proprioceptive feedback from the periodontal ligament and trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in controlling muscle tension and, therefore, normal TMJ function. Disruptions in this feedback contribute to occlusal alterations which, in turn, may induce postural adaptations influencing the spinal curvature. Studies also demonstrated a statistical correlation between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and orthodontic anomalies such as overbite, overjet, and mandibular retrusion. Additionally, reverse chewing cycles (RCCs), a characteristic of crossbite, have been found to be more prevalent in individuals with scoliosis, suggesting a possible link between dysfunctional mastication and spinal deformities. Considering the complex interplay between occlusion and posture, a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment is regarded as essential. While orthodontic treatment effectively corrects malocclusion, evidence suggests that dental bracing may influence TMJ function and spinal alignment, especially in pediatric patients still subject to growth spurts. Despite emerging data indicating a relationship between malocclusion and spinal deformities, further research is required in order to clarify such causality and promote the creation of therapeutic schemes for patients concurrently affected by these pathologies.