Advances in Collagen Extraction and Biomaterial Design for Drug Delivery Applications: A Comprehensive Review.

Collagen has established itself as a biopolymer for preparing collagen-based biomaterials for various biomedical applications in drug delivery due to its notable biodegradability, biocompatibility, minimum antigenicity, and excellent safety profile. This review outlines the basic structure of collagen and its various types. This work emphasizes fish-derived collagen as a sustainable and economical alternative to conventional mammalian sources. It provides an overview of various extraction techniques, including acid-based, enzymatic, and innovative green chemistry methods. This review also explores diverse fabrication strategies for collagen-based biomaterials, such as nanoparticles, films, hydrogels, and sponges tailored for drug delivery applications. Furthermore, it examines the biomedical applications of these materials in areas such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer treatment, and wound healing through controlled and targeted drug delivery. Overall, the review underscores the versatility and therapeutic potential of collagen in developing drug delivery systems.