Brain Organoids: Emerging Platforms for Modern Neuroscience.

Brain organoids represent three-dimensional structures that allow for human-specific studies in brain development, pathology and therapeutics. These self-organizing systems, formed through the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells, can mimic important cellular and molecular events of brain development and therefore serve as a platform for the investigation of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, brain injuries, and tumorigenesis. Although brain organoids show promising perspectives in the study of human physiology, existing brain organoid platforms are hindered by issues of under vascularization, immaturity and protocol variability. Nevertheless, the rapid development of new bioengineering, microfluidic and multi-omics tools and approaches allows us to overcome existing problems and increase the physiological significance of these organoids. Brain organoid transplantation and functional studies further enhance the applications of brain organoids in drug screening, disease modeling and personalized medicine. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of brain organoid cultures, functional characteristics and translational applications.