Science advances · 2026
Identifying the principal mechanism of star formation feedback.
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Li Chong, Li Rouyu, Qiu Keping, Krco Marko, Li Di, Wang Hongchi, Lyu Xin, Duan Yan, Fang Min, Chen Xuepeng, Wang Lile, Feng Haoran, Zhang Shuinai, Zhang Miaomiao, Zhang Shaobo, Cao Yue, Wang Yao, Gong Yan, Du Fujun, Chen Zhiwei, Su Yang, Ma Yuehui, Xing Yuchen, Zheng Yinghui, Zhang Tianwei, Niu Shu, Li Chenrui, Liu Jiawei, Zhang Zhijun, Guo Yulian
Аннотация
Feedback from massive stars regulates the formation of next-generation stars and planets and thus shapes the evolution of galaxies, yet observational evidence capable of determining which mechanism dominates the feedback process has long been lacking. Here, we present a large-scale HI survey toward Orion A. With an unprecedented sensitivity and superior resolution, FAST (Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope) reveals a well-defined heart-shaped expanding HI bubble, enshrouding the well-known "Veil" bubble of ionized gas. The photoionization-driven and wind-driven gas expands at 10.9 and 13.8 kilometers per second, respectively, with a kinetic energy ratio of 1:2 assuming a spherical symmetry and a uniform HI-to-H2 ratio. This first direct comparison within a single bubble shows that radiation does not dominate the feedback process as predicted by classical theories; instead, stellar winds contribute a comparable share of the injected kinetic energy.