Genetic and environmental influences on educational disparities in adult weight change: an individual-based pooled analysis of 11 twin cohorts.
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Obeso Alvaro, Drouard Gabin, Jelenkovic Aline, Medda Emanuela, Fagnani Corrado, Toccaceli Virgilia, Latvala Antti, Aaltonen Sari, Medland Sarah E, Gordon Scott D, Lee Jooyeon, Lee Soo Ji, Sung Joohon, Pyun Hyojin, Duncan Glen E, Buchwald Dedra, Ordoñana Juan R, Sánchez-Romera Juan F, Carrillo Eduvigis, Franz Carol E, Kremen William S, Corley Robin P, Huibregtse Brooke M, Magnusson Patrik Ke, Karlsson Ida K, Dahl Aslan Anna K, Lyons Michael J, Bartels Meike, Ligthart Lannie, de Geus Eco J C, Gatz Margaret, Butler David A, Pool René, Eriksson Anders, Bruins Susanne, Martin Nicholas G, Boomsma Dorret I, Kaprio Jaakko, Silventoinen Karri
Аннотация
DATA AND METHODS: Pooled data from 59,490 twins aged 31-99 years (49% women) across 11 cohorts with EA and repeated measures of BMI were used. BMI trajectory components (baseline BMI and BMI change per decade) were estimated using linear mixed-effects (LME) and delta slope methods. EA was derived by regressing years of education on birth year and cohort. Associations between EA and BMI trajectories were evaluated with LME models in both cohort-specific and pooled data. Genetic and environmental contributions were evaluated using structural equation modelling.
RESULTS: EA was more strongly negatively associated with baseline BMI and BMI change (mean of 1.31 and 1.32 kg/m2 per decade in men and women, respectively) in women (β = -0.14 kg/m², 95% CI: -0.15 to -0.12; β = -0.02 kg/m²/decade, 95% CI: -0.03 to -0.01, respectively) than in men (β = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.08 to -0.06; β = -0.01, 95% CI: -0.02 to -0.001, respectively). The associations between baseline BMI and EA were explained by genetic factors in men (rA = -0.10) and by both genetic (rA = -0.17) and unique environmental factors (rE = -0.07) in women. For BMI change, the associations with EA were explained by genetic factors (rA = -0.04 in men; -0.06 in women).
CONCLUSION: Individuals with higher EA tend to have lower baseline BMI and slower BMI increases across adulthood. These associations are primarily genetically mediated.